Fahmi's village

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

PART A

1. In addition to the more traditional simple oven many .... either by circulating heated air around the food or by heating the moisture contained in the food with microwaves and a few do both.

A. functioning modern ovens

B. modern oven that function

C. modern ovens function

D. the function of modern ovens

Answer : C. modern ovens function

2. .... many communication companies are now able to offer radio and television broadcasts over the internet.

A. Advanced technology has enabled

B. Introducing advanced technology

C. Because the introduced of advanced technology

D. With the introduction of advanced technology

Answer : D. With the introduction of advanced technology

3. From the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, technology .... people are beginning to imagine there are no limits to what we can achieve.
A. progressed to the point that
B. has to progress to a point
C. has progressed to the point that
D. progressing to the point that
Answer : C. has progressed to the point that

4. A trap .... disguise is what has come to be called a Trojan Horse, from the ancient story of the gift of the wooden horse from the Greeks.
A. offered a gift of'
B. offers a gift in
C. offering a gift to
D. offered as a gift in
Answer : D. offered as a gift in

5. Telecommuting is a new form to work .... to work, such as fathers with children, the chance to work while remaining at home.
A. affording those previously unable
B. affords those who were previously unable
C. that affording those unable previously
D. afforded those previously unable
Answer : A. affording those previously unable

6. It is the lack of gravity on the moon that makes ..... leaps of 30 feet or more.
A. possible
B. it possible
C. to be possible
D. it to be possible
Answer : A. possible

7. It is believed that the modern bird .... the pterodactyls that existed million of years ago.
A. was envolved from
B. envolved from
C. envolved
D. was envolving from
Answer : B. envolved from

8. Although .... a successful film, none of her other works have to date been adapted to the film format.
A. The Joy Luck Club is best known novel by Amy Tan was made into
B. The Joy Luck Club was made into a film by Amy Tan best known
C. Amy Tans's best known novel, The Joy Luck Club, was made into
D. Amy Tans's best known novel, The Joy Luck Club, made
Answer : D. Amy Tans's best known novel, The Joy Luck Club, made

9. The advent of the personal computer and easy a access to information via the Internet has allowed many more enterpreneurs .... than ever before.
A. to open home based businesses
B. who open home based businesses
C. opening businesses home based
D. based at home their business
Answer : C. opening businesses home based

10. ...... "orca" means whale, the orca is actually a member of the dolphin family, the delphinids.
A. That
B. Why
C. While
D. It is
Answer : C. While

11. Many modern critics of American literature have called Mark Twain, born Samuel Clemens, ......
A. as America's greatest writer
B. was America's greatest writer
C. America's greatest writer
D. to have been America's greatest writer
Answer : C. America's greatest writer

12. ..... its area of defense, a fort should be built on an elevation and with some sort of natural feature of the landscape to obstruct direct access to the fort.
A. to better protect
B. protecting better
C. for the better of
D. it is better for
Answer : A. to better protect

13. An iron smelting forge .... ore into usable metals.
A. melts
B. is melting
C. melting
D. should melting
Answer : A. melts

14. The one in charge of a meeting .... toward the end of the meeting.
A. table general important topics
B. tables generally the important topics
C. generally the topics of the table
D. generally tables important topics
Answer : D. generally tables important topics

15. Sufficient gravitational force is .... atmosphere ; otherwise the atmosphere will drift off into space.
A. necessary for retaining planet
B. retaining necessary planet
C. retained by necessary planet
D. necessary to retain a planet's

PART B

16. Because(A) of the enermous pull gravitational(B) of the Moon, the shape of the Earth actually changes(C) as the largest oceans are "pulled" toward(D) the Moon.

Answer : B. gravitational, seharusnya gravitation.

17. Only with the advent of refrigerator(A) were(B) most Americans able to begin(C) to consume fresh meat(D).

Answer : A. refrigerator, seharusnya refrigerators.

18. The smaller(A) of all(B) nine planets(C) in the solar(D) system is Pluto.

Amswer : A. The smaller, seharusnya The smallest.

19. The function of biologist(A) is both to describe organisms in minute detail(B) also(C) to understand why they behave as they(D) do.

Answer : C. also, seharusnya and karena ada kata both.

20. According to all findings(A) to date(B),the known universe consists almost entirely of the hydrogen(D).

Answer : D. the hydrogen, seharusnya tidak perlu pakai kata the.

21. Because(A) of their flexibility, reeds and straw are able(B) to endure harsh winds that other more(C) brittle materials like brick and concrete would not be able withstanding(D).

Answer : D. withstanding, seharusnya withstand.

22. Before hay can be processed and sold(A), it is typically(B) bundled into(C) boxlike bales so that it can be more easily transport(D).

Answer : D. transport, seharusnya transported karena ada kata can be.

23. Most of the birds living(A) in desert regions inhabits(B) the fringes(C) of the desert(D).

Answer : B. inhabits, seharusnya tidak perlu pakai 's' karena subjeknya jamak.

24. Areas(A) of rocks may shifts(B) up or down on each(C) side of a fault(D).

Answer : B. shifts, seharusnya tidak perlu pakai 's' karena bukan subjek ke 3 tunggal.

25. From the 1850s until after the turn of the century, many(A) of America's super-rich families(B) made(C) Newport his(D) favourite summer resort.

Answer : D. his, seharusnya their.

26. Of Jane Austeen's six great novels(A), the first four were(B) published anonymous(C) during(D)her lifetime.

Answer : B. were, seharusnya was.

27. Clarence Birdseye is best know(A) for developing(B) a process(C) for freezing food in small(D) packages.

Answer : A. know, seharusnya known.

28. It was(A) as a direct result(B) of the widespread implementation(C) electricity that the US had a source(D) of light other than gas lights.

Answer : C. implementation, seharusnya implementing.

29. The Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. is home(A) to the largest collecting(B) of Native American artifacts in the United States, most of which(C) remain uncatalogued(D) and hidden from public view.

Answer : B. collecting, seharusnya collection.

30. In the modern era(A), face to face communication is becoming near(B) as uncommon(C) as hand-written(D) letters.

Answer : B. near, seharusnya nearer.

31. The leaves(A) of most(B) coniferous species(C) are slender and length(D).

Answer : D. length, seharusnya long.

32. Like(A) an aiplane, a(B) helicopter have(C) to control sticks instead(D) of one.

Answer : C. have, seharusnya has.

33. Much(A) bright young stars lie(B) along(C) the spiral(D) arms of the Milky Way Galaxy.

Answer : A. much seharusnya many.

34. Hippocrates believed(A) that health depended on(B) the balanced(C) of the four fluids(D) of the body : blood, phlegm, bile and black bile.

Answer : C. balanced , seharusnya balance.

35. Because mistletoe berries are poisonous(A), everyone with Christmas decorations containing(B) mistletoe need(C) to be aware of the potential danger(D).

Answer : C. need, seharusnya pakai 's' karena subjeknya tunggal maka kata kerjanya tunggal.

36. The earliest(A) known artworks were done(B) by cavemen which(C) used a mixture of clay, chalk(D) and burned wood and bones.

Answer : C. which, seharusnya who karena cavemen menerangkat subjek.

37. The Earth's crust is composed of fifteen plates which(A) float(B) on the partially(C) molten layer below they(D).

Answer : D. they, seharusnya them.

38. The Cabinet consist(A) of secretaries of departments, who(B) report to the president, give him andvice, and helping(C) him make(D) decisions.

Answer : C. helping, seharusnya help.

39. Operas can be broadly(A) classified(B) as either comedies or(C) they are tragedies(D).

Answer : D. they are tragedies, seharusnya tidak perlu pakai they are.

40. During the annually(A) salmon migration from the sea to fresh(B) water, Alaska's McNeil River becomes a gathering(C) place for brown bears waiting eagerly(D) to catch their fill.
Answer : A. annually, seharusnya annual.

PART I

1. 'Tell me why you're interested in learning this subject?'
'Economics ... to explain the phenomena in Business World.'
Answer : B. Tries
2. 'What's on the news today?'
'The policeman ... caaaught the criminal.'
Answer : B. Has
3. 'After travelling across the country, I think Toronto ... the busiest city in Canada.'
answer : C. is
4. 'You should sleep early tonight because we start our journey tomorrow and five hundred miles ... a long
distance to drive in one day.'
Answer : D. are
5.'After the incident at the border yesterday, the army has reinforced ... strength this morning.'
Answer : D. their
6. 'Children, tell me the functions of these tools!'
'Scissors ... to cut thin materials.'
Answer : C. are used
7. 'According to the recipe, I need seven ... to make this chicken pie.'
Answer : C. potatoes
8. 'There are a lot of disasters in Indonesia these days.'
'Yes. And now, the earthquake and tsunami phenomena always ... a lot of people.'
Answer : A. fascinate
9. Which of these sentences is correct?
Answer : D. The car made a loud noise.
10. Jim : CaiI use that car?
Mark : No. It's ... car.
Answer : C. my mother - in - law's
11. 'The old man's house is old.'
'Yes. One of ... windows is broken.'
Answer : D. its
12. 'Where we will sleep tonight?'
'Ann is going to share her room with ..., isn't she?'
Answer : A. you and me
13. 'What's said in the memo?'
'You and ... are expected to be present at the student representative meeting.'
Answer : A. I
14. 'The students must be made to understand how each lesson can be value to ...'
'I absolutely agree wtih you.'
Answer : C. them
15. 'How does Jarohi play guitar?'
'As well as ... do.'
Answer : A. I
16. 'Anything happens to you, don't forget that ... mother and father love you.'
Answer : B. your
17. 'Vito and I have a lot in common.'
'Yes, your ideas, ... somewhat unusual to me.'
Answer : B. like him, is
18. 'Is that your book?'
'This doesn't look like ... book; it must be ....'
Answer : A. my / yours
19. 'What's the decision?'
'I don't know yet. The committee are still arguing among ..."
Answer : E. themselves
20. Mother : What are doing?
Children : Chatting.
Mother : What! You waste your time. You get ... from that.
Answer : D. nothing
21. 'Does ... know where my glasses?'
'You're wearing them. Why you're always so forgetful?'
Answer : E. anybody
22. ' ... of the bread has been taken from its box.'
' No one likes it.'
Answer : A. some
23. 'Who wants to go with me to the orchestra?'
' .... of us want to go to the orchestra.
Answer : D. All
24. A : Look at the picture on the wall!
B : .... is a beautiful picture.
Answer : D. That
25. 'Who is the man talking to you last night?'
'The man ... I talked t last night was my brother.'
Answer : A. whom


PART II


1. ' ... his own assignments, Sony offered to help his friends.'
Answer : C. Having finished
2. ' ... the money, Tarwan left for his home town.'
Answer : A. Having received
3. 'We always avoid ... to the mall on Sunday because it's too crowded.'
Answer : D. going
4. 'What was he interested in?'
' ... paleontology.'
Answer : B. Learing
5. 'These floors always look dirty in spite of ... every day.'
Answer : D. being swept
6. Bob : 'I'm going out tonight.'
John : 'Would you mind ... the key to the house?'
Answer : E. leaving
7. 'Doel Fajri completely denied ... the money.'
Answer : B. stealing
8. 'What's your hobby?'
' ... stamps.'
Answer : C. Collecting
9. 'Can Rosa accept her parent's divorce?'
'No. She isn't mature enough ...'
Answer : B. to understand
10. 'I wonder where Dadang is.'
'Don't you know the committee forced him ...?'
Answer : C. to resign
11. 'The poor woman can't afford ... a dress.'
Answer : D. to buy
12. 'I smell something ... in the kitchen.'
Answer : D. burning
13. 'I had to ask the soldier ... '
Answer : B. to stop fairing
14. 'What did the teacher tell us?'
'He told us ... noisy.'
Answer : D. Not to be
15. 'Do you object to ... on the table.'
'Yes. You sit on the cake.'
Answer : B. my sitting
16. Rudy : 'What are you looking forward?'
Toni : ' ... my old friends.'
Answer : A. To seeing
17. 'When you go camping, don't forget to bring ... bags.'
Answer : B. sleeping
18. 'The smiling boy clapped his hands.'
It means :
Answer : D. The boy with a smile on his face clapped his hands.
19. 'I am bored the show is very ..."
Answer : E. boring
20. 'We thought of ... across France. We're rather tired of ... by train.'
Answer : D. driving / going
21. 'When at last I succeeded in .. him that I wanted .. home quickly, he put his foot on the accelerator and I
felt the car .. forward.'
Answer : E. convincing / to get / leaping
22. X : 'Bob smoked when he was in College, Does he now?'
Y : 'Yes.'
From the dialog we know that ...
Answer : B. Bob used to smoking.
23. 'I always ... the sun ... every morning.'
Answer : C. watching / rises
24. 'I don't know where ... in this holiday.'
Answer : B. to go
25. 'The car is always hard to start.'
'I think it needs ... '
Answer : E. to be repaired

Exercise 1 : Subject, Verb, Complement and Modifier
Identify the subject, verb, complement, and modifier in each of the following sentences. Remember that not every sentence has a complement or modifier.

1. George / is cooking / dinner / tonight.
Subject / verb / complement / modifier of time

2. Henry and Marcia / have visited / the president.
Subject / verb / complement

3. We / can eat / lunch / in this restaurant / today.
Subject / verb / complement / modifier of place / modifier of time

4. Pat / should have bought / gasoline / yesterday.
Subject / verb / complement / modifier of time

5. Trees / grow.
Subject / verb

6. It / was raining / at seven o’clock this morning.
Subject / verb / modifier of time

7. She / opened / a checking account / at the bank / last week.
Subject / verb / complement / modifier of place / modifier of time

8. Harry / is washing / dishes / right now.
Subject / verb / complement / modifier of time

9. She / opened / her book.
Subject / verb / complement

10. Paul, William, and Mary / were watching / television / a few minutes ago.
Subject / verb / complement / modifier of time

Etika bisnis tidak terbatas hanya mengetengahkan kaidah-kaidah berbisnis yang baik (standar moral) dalam pengertian transaksi jual beli produk saja. Etika juga menyangkut kaidah yang terkait dengan hubungan manajemen dan karyawan. Apa karakteristik yang lebih rinci dari masalah deviasi etika bisnis seperti itu di dalam perusahaan? Yang paling nyata terlihat adalah terjadinya konflik atasan dan bawahan. Hal ini timbul antara lain akibat ketidakadilan dalam penilaian kinerja, manajemen karir, manajemen kompensasi, dan sistem pengawasan dan pengembangan SDM yang diskriminatif. Semakin diskriminatif perlakuan manajemen terhadap karyawannya semakin jauh perusahaan menerapkan etika bisnis yang sebenarnya. Pada gilirannya akan menggangu proses dan kinerja bisnis perusahaan. Namun dalam prakteknya pembatasan sesuatu keputusan manajemen itu etis atau tidak selalu menjadi konflik baru. Hal ini karena lemahnya pemahaman tentang apa itu yang disebut etika bisnis, masalah etika, dan lingkup serta pendekatan pemecahannya.

Wujud dari masalah etika bisnis dapat dicirikan oleh adanya faktor-faktor: (1) berkaitan dengan hati nurani, standar moral, atau nilai terdalam dari manusia, (2) karena masalahnya rumit, maka cenderung akan timbul perbedaan persepsi tentang sesuatu yang buruk atau tidak buruk; membahagiakan atau menjengkelkan, (3) menghadapi pilihan yang serba salah, contoh kandungan formalin dalam produk makanan; pilihannya kalau mau dapat untung maka biarkan saja tetapi harus siap dengan citra buruk atau menarik produk dari pasar namun bakal merugi, dan (4) kemajemukan faktor-faktor yang harus dipertimbangkan; misalnya apakah perusahaan perlu menggunakan teknologi padat modal namun dilakukan PHK atau padat karya tetapi proses produknya akan kurang efisien.

Bentuk akibat penyimpangan etika bisnis internal perusahaan antara lain terjadinya ketegangan diametris hubungan atasan dengan bawahan. Seperti diungkapkan di atas hal ini terjadi karena ketimpangan antara lain dalam proses penilaian kinerja, standar penilaian, dan perbedaan persepsi atasan-bawahan tentang hasil penilaian kinerja. Selain itu ukuran atau standar tentang karir sering tidak jelas. Dalam hal ini pihak manajemen memberlakukan tindakan yang tidak adil. Mereka menetapkan nilai sikap, gaya hubungan kepada atasan, dan loyalitas kepada atasan yang tinggi lebih besar ketimbang nilai kinerja faktual karyawannya. Kasus lainnya adalah diterapkannya model nepotisme dalam penseleksian karyawan baru. Pertimbangan-pertimbangan rasiona diabaikan. Termasuk dalam proses rekrutmen internal. Jelas saja mereka yang potensial tersisihkan. Pada gilirannya akan terjadi kekecewaan karyawan yang unggul dan kemudian keluar dari perusahaan.

Dari contoh-contoh di atas maka tampak pihak perusahaan lebih mengutamakan kepentingan meraih keuntungan ketimbang menciptakan kepentingan karyawan secara adil.Untuk memperkecil terjadi penyimpangan penerapan etika bisnis maka perusahaan perlu (a) mengenali respon orang terhadap suatu masalah ketika dihadapkan pada sesuatu yang dilematis dan ketidak-konsistenan, dan (b) melihat etika bisnis dari resiko yang dihadapi seseorang apakah dengan keputusan personal ataukah keputusan sebagian besar orang lain ataukah pertimbangan keputusan berbasis kepentingan perusahaan yang lebih besar secara keseluruhan.